The Surprising History of the Toyota Land Cruiser
Originally created for the military in the Far East, the Toyota Land Cruiser has evolved into a status symbol for well-heeled buyers in the West. It originally borrowed heavily from the American Jeep and British Land Rover, but soon set itself apart as a highly capable and purpose-built off-road machine wrapped in luxury, comfort, and style. Backed by Toyota's legendary reliability, the Land Cruiser now enjoys a loyal cult following and a place among the greats in world automotive history. While the 200-series Land Cruiser was discontinued after the 2021 model year, Car and Driver says it might continue its stealth existence as the Lexus LX.
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In 1933, Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, a textile company founded in 1926 by Sakichi Toyoda, expanded to include an automotive division. That division would become the Toyota Motor Corp., which today is the undisputed largest manufacturer of cars, trucks, and buses in Japan.
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In 1950, Japan's National Police Reserve Forces and the U.S. military occupying the postwar country requested a simple but capable off-road utility vehicle. They wanted it to be built locally as simmering trouble began to boil over in nearby Korea. On Aug. 1, 1951, Toyota delivered the Jeep BJ, a tough, four-wheel-drive Jeep-like vehicle with a 3.4-liter six-cylinder engine that delivered 75-horsepower and checked all the military's boxes. It was the prototype for what would become the Toyota Land Cruiser.
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The Toyota BJ was not the only durable and functional military vehicle — it faced stiff competition from the U.S. Jeep and the British Land Rover. The BJ put a mountain of distance between itself and the competition in July 1951 when Toyota test driver Ichiro Taira made it to the sixth of 10 checkpoints on the way to the top of Japan's 12,388-foot-high Mount Fuji. No motor vehicle had ever made it that far.
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As the end of the Korean War was signaled in 1953, Toyota realized a booming civilian population might love the BJ in times of peace for the same reasons the military loved it during wartime. The mighty little vehicle was adopted for civilian use and went into production that same year.
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During World War II, the Willys-Overland company created the Willys Jeep for the U.S. Army. The Jeep became an icon for the war that, like the Toyota BJ, proved readily adaptable for civilian use. Although the history of the word "jeep" is murky and disputed, Willys-Overland trademarked the name. In response, Toyota changed the Jeep BJ to the Toyota Land Cruiser in June 1954.
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The first widely distributed civilian Land Cruiser was the Series 20. Still a bare-bones machine that favored function over form, it featured a more powerful engine and an improved suspension. The more stylish, roomier 20 Series also added station wagon and pickup truck model options.
On Halloween day in 1957, Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. was formed. Toyota's first headquarters in the United States was in Hollywood, California, in what had been an old Rambler dealership. The Japanese auto industry now had a toehold stateside. The Land Cruiser would soon follow — well, one would, at least.
The year after Toyota's U.S. division set up shop in Hollywood, the Japanese automaker began selling cars in the United States. In 1958, Toyota sold its first 288 vehicles on American soil. Among them were 287 Toyopet Crown sedans and a single Land Cruiser. The lone Land Cruiser was reportedly sold to a school teacher in Long Beach, California, and now sits in the Land Cruiser Heritage Museum in Salt Lake City (though others have also claimed to possess the first and only 1958 model).
Two years after that first American early adopter made history by buying the country's very first Land Cruiser, Toyota changed the game when it unveiled the FJ40, known formally as the 40 Series. Angular, boxy, and outfitted with folding seats, a folding windshield, a flat roof, and the now-famously unbreakable F engine, it was a truly formidable off-road vehicle, although one that was minimalist in terms of passenger creature comforts. It would be the bestselling Toyota through 1965, when the Corona finally snagged that title.
Toyota released the 50 Series in response to growing consumer demand for bigger vehicles that were as capable as Land Cruisers, but roomy enough for families and stuff — suburbanites were now catching on the platform's potential. The 50 Series gave the world the FJ55, the first true Land Cruiser wagon, which is listed next to the vaunted Jeep Wagoneer as one of the earliest pioneering SUVs.
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In one of the most consequential years in Land Cruiser history, 1980 first saw the arrival of the 60 Series — launching the modern era in Land Cruiser's lineage and instantly rendering the FJ55 and all those that came before as relics for enthusiasts and collectors. The FJ60 was a powerful and capable off-road vehicle, but this Land Cruiser was outfitted with more comfort and features, including air conditioning and separate passenger seats instead of long padded benches. Also that year, Toyota produced its 1 millionth Land Cruiser.
When the U.S. market began shifting toward an insatiable appetite for SUVs, the Land Cruiser was perfectly positioned to adapt. The 60 Series that dominated the '80s was replaced by the 80 Series, which featured a more rounded and modern look, a greatly improved suspension, full-time four-wheel drive, and a more powerful engine. The tradeoff for that last upgrade, however, was that the beloved and historic F engine was now a thing of the past. It was here that Toyota began offering higher-end amenities that moved the Land Cruiser toward luxury territory.
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The Land Cruiser's modern evolution into a large, powerful, luxury SUV that held true to its off-road lineage took shape in the late '90s with the arrival of the 100 Series. Bigger, roomier, and more refined, the Land Cruiser was now competing with the highest-end luxury SUVs on the market in terms of style and comfort, while still outperforming on the trails.
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In between the 1998 Land Cruiser 100 and the 2008 Land Cruiser 200 was the smaller Land Cruiser Prado. Based on the in-between 150 Series, it was more obscure than its cousins in the major series and now isn't even available in the United States. The Prado, however, served as the blueprint for not only the fourth-generation Toyota 4Runner but also the Lexus GX 470 SUV and later the ultra-luxe Lexus GX 460.
When people think of a Land Cruiser today, the 200 Series likely comes to mind. As it had been doing since the 1980 release of the 60 Series, Toyota added comfort, class, and style along with high-tech features such as collision avoidance — all without diminishing the Land Cruiser's heritage as an off-road warrior. When outfitted with a huge 5.7-liter engine, it became the high-end Gen-3 Lexus LX.
In 2018, Toyota hit the six-decade anniversary of selling its very first Land Cruiser to a now-unknown buyer in the United States. One year later in Australia, another unknown person drove home from a dealership inside the 10 millionth Land Cruiser ever to roll off the assembly line.
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Land Cruiser released its Heritage Edition in 2020, starting at just a hair under $90,000. The ultra-luxurious and ultra-capable special release, which serves as an homage to the nameplate's history and a vision for its future, was available only in black and white — Midnight Black Metallic and Blizzard Pearl, to be specific.
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