Ask the Experts: November brings attention to challenges of preterm births

MUNCIE, Ind. – Prematurity Awareness Month, observed in November, is a vital time to draw attention to the challenges of preterm birth and its impact on babies and their families. It serves as a crucial reminder of the challenges associated with preterm birth and the importance of healthy pregnancies. By taking action and spreading awareness, we can strive for healthier pregnancies and brighter futures for our little ones.

What is Prematurity Awareness Month; why is it significant for expectant parents?

Prematurity Awareness Month is a campaign designed to raise awareness about preterm birth, a crucial issue in maternal and child health. Preterm birth can lead to various health challenges for babies and their families, so it's essential for expectant parents to understand the risk factors, signs, and prevention strategies associated with premature delivery.

What factors contribute to premature birth; are there ways to reduce the risk?

Several factors can contribute to preterm birth, including a history of preterm delivery, multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins or triplets), infections, and chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Lifestyle factors like smoking, drug use, and poor nutrition can also increase the risk. However, early and regular prenatal care, a healthy lifestyle, and seeking medical help when needed can significantly reduce the risk of preterm birth.

What signs should pregnant women be aware of that could indicate a risk of preterm labor?

Expectant mothers should be vigilant about certain signs that might indicate preterm labor, such as regular contractions, lower back pain, pressure in the pelvis, increased vaginal discharge, or vaginal bleeding. Any unusual or concerning symptoms during pregnancy should be discussed with a healthcare provider promptly.

How can healthcare providers help pregnant women with risk factors for preterm birth have healthier pregnancies?

Healthcare providers play a critical role in ensuring healthy pregnancies. By identifying risk factors early, we can provide appropriate monitoring and interventions. This may include medications, lifestyle recommendations, or specialized care plans tailored to the individual's needs. Regular prenatal check-ups and open communication are key components of a successful pregnancy.

What health risks do premature babies potentially face?

Not all premature babies experience health problems. However, some babies who are born too early can face short-term and long-term complications. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications.

Short-term complications that premature babies may experience include:

Breathing problems: Premature babies experience breathing problems because of their underdeveloped respiratory system. Some babies born before 34 weeks of pregnancy develop respiratory distress system (RDS) caused by a lack of surfactant. Surfactant is a protein that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a condition that causes fluid in the lungs and scarring, can also affect premature babies.

Feeding problems: Premature babies born before 34 weeks have not yet developed the oral skills necessary to feed by mouth, which requires coordination between sucking, swallowing and breathing. These babies receive nutrition support via IV administration and/or feeding by gavage tube. Babies need to learn how to feed orally (breastfeeding or bottle feeding) prior to being discharged from NICU.

Anemia: Anemia is a low number of red blood cells. Premature babies are prone to this because their bodies do not make very many red blood cells.

Heart problems: Premature babies might experience low blood pressure or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). PDA is a persistent opening between two major blood vessels near the heart, but it often closes on its own.

Apnea: Apnea is a delay in breathing for 20 seconds or more.

Jaundice: This condition causes a baby’s skin and eyes to look yellow. Although it is common among full-term babies, premature babies are even more susceptible to it as their livers might not be fully developed or working well.

Infections: Premature babies are born with an underdeveloped immune system. This means that they are more susceptible to infections like pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis until their immune system matures.

Cerebral hemorrhage: Premature babies born before 32 weeks are at risk for having cerebral hemorrhages due to their immature blood vessels.

The more premature the baby is, the higher the risk of cerebral hemorrhage complications. A cerebral hemorrhage can increase the risk of mortality and long-term complications including cerebral palsy, learning disabilities and developmental delays.

What support systems are available for families with preterm infants?

Families of preterm infants may face various challenges, both emotionally and medically. Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) offer around-the-clock specialized care to preterm newborns. Some babies may need support to breathe while others need support to eat and stay warm. Additionally, many support organizations, such as the March of Dimes, provide resources, guidance, and emotional support to families navigating the complexities of having a preterm baby.

How can we increase awareness about prematurity and its impact on families and society as a whole?

Awareness campaigns, like Prematurity Awareness Month, are a great start. Sharing stories, facts, and resources, participating in community events, and educating friends and family can help raise awareness about prematurity. Healthcare providers can also play a role by providing comprehensive information and support to pregnant women during their care.

What should expectant parents know during Prematurity Awareness Month and beyond?

My advice to expectant parents is to prioritize prenatal care, follow a healthy lifestyle, seek medical help if any concerning signs appear, and stay informed. A proactive approach to pregnancy, combined with the support of healthcare providers, can significantly increase the chances of a healthy, full-term pregnancy.

Prashant Malviya, MD, is the Medical Director of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at IU Health Ball Memorial Hospital. Learn more at https://iuhealth.org/find-providers/provider/prashant-malviya-md-11436/.

This article originally appeared on Lafayette Journal & Courier: November brings attention to challenges of preterm births